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Big blue octopus, Octopus cyanea

Bedford's flatworm, Pseudobiceros bedfordi

Yellow-winged Darter, Sympetrum flaveolu.

ดูเพิ่มเติม

http://www.wikipedia.com/

:Animalia

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sea fun

Orange elephant ear sponge, Agelas clathrodes, in foreground. Two corals in the background: a sea fan, Iciligorgia schrammi, and a sea rod, Plexaurella nutans

White's tree frog

White's Tree Frog, Litoria caerulea.

Shape of the tower

At the time the tower was built many people were shocked by its daring shape. Gustave Eiffel was criticized for the design and accused of trying to create something artistic, or inartistic according to the viewer, without regard to engineering. Eiffel and his engineers, as renowned bridge builders however, understood the importance of wind forces and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world they had to be certain it would withstand the wind. In an interview reported in the newspaper Le Temps, Eiffel said:
“
Now to what phenomenon did I give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be (...) will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole.
”
—translated from the French newspaper Le Temps of 14 February 1887[9]
The shape of the tower was therefore determined by mathematical calculation involving wind resistance. Several theories of this mathematical calculation have been proposed over the years, the most recent is a nonlinear integral differential equation based on counterbalancing the wind pressure on any point on the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point. That shape is exponential.

Law

Main article: Law of France

The basic principles that the French Republic must respect are found in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
France uses a civil legal system; that is, law arises primarily from written statutes; judges are not to make law, but merely to interpret it (though the amount of judge interpretation in certain areas makes it equivalent to case law). Basic principles of the rule of law were laid in the Napoleonic Code. In agreement with the principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen law should only prohibit actions detrimental to society. As Guy Canivet, first president of the Court of Cassation, wrote about the management of prisons: [1]
Freedom is the rule, and its restriction is the exception; any restriction of Freedom must be provided for by Law and must follow the principles of necessity and proportionality.
That is, law may lay out prohibitions only if they are needed, and if the inconveniences caused by this restriction do not exceed the inconveniences that the prohibition is supposed to remedy.
French law is divided into two principal areas: private law and public law. Private law includes, in particular, civil law and criminal law. Public law includes, in particular, administrative law and constitutional law. However, in practical terms, French law comprises three principal areas of law: civil law; criminal law and administrative law.
France does not recognise religious law, nor does it recognise religious beliefs or morality as a motivation for the enactment of prohibitions. As a consequence, France has long had neither blasphemy laws nor sodomy laws (the latter being abolished in 1791). However "offences against public decency" (contraires aux bonnes mœurs) or breach of the peace (trouble à l'ordre public) have been used to repress public expressions of homosexuality or street prostitution.
Laws can only address the future and not the past (ex post facto laws are prohibited); and to be applicable, laws must be officially published in the Journal Officiel de la République Française.

Geography

Main article: Geography of France
While Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe, France also has a number of territories in North America, the Caribbean, South America, the southern Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and Antarctica.[15] These territories have varying forms of government ranging from overseas department to overseas collectivity.
Metropolitan France covers 551,695 square kilometres (213,010 sq mi) and possesses a wide variety of landscapes, from coastal plains in the north and west to mountain ranges of the Alps in the south-east, the Massif Central in the south-central and Pyrenees in the south-west. At 4,807 metres (15,770 ft) above sea-level, the highest point in Western Europe, Mont Blanc, is situated in the Alps on the border between France and Italy.[16] Metropolitan France also has extensive river systems such as the Loire, the Garonne, the Seine and the Rhône, which divides the Massif Central from the Alps and flows into the Mediterranean sea at the Camargue, the lowest point in France (2 m / 6.5 ft below sea level).[16] Corsica lies off the Mediterranean coast.

Satellite picture of metropolitan France, August 2002
France's total land area, with its overseas departments and territories (excluding Adélie Land), is 674,843 square kilometres (260,558 sq mi), 0.45% of the total land area on Earth. However, France possesses the second-largest Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the world, covering 11,035,000 square kilometres (4,260,000 sq mi), approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, just behind the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 sq mi) and ahead of Australia (8,232,000 km² / 3,178,000 sq mi).[17]
Metropolitan France is situated between 41° and 50° North, on the western edge of Europe and thus lies within the northern temperate zone. The north and northwest have a temperate climate, however, a combination of maritime influences, latitude and altitude produce a varied climate in the rest of Metropolitan France.[18] In the south-east a Mediterranean climate prevails. In the west, the climate is predominantly oceanic with a high level of rainfall, mild winters and cool summers. Inland the climate becomes more continental with hot, stormy summers, colder winters and less rain. The climate of the Alps and other mountainous regions are mainly alpine in nature with the number of days with temperatures below freezing over 150 per year and snowcover lasting for up to six months

Le portail de l'astronomie

Mercure a été visitée par une seule sonde, Mariner 10, en 1974-75. Seule la moitié de sa surface a été cartographiée en détail...

Marianne
Main article: Marianne

Masonic Marianne bronze
Marianne is a symbol of the French Republic. She is an allegorical figure of liberty and the Republic and first appeared at the time of the French Revolution. The earliest representations of Marianne are of a woman wearing a Phrygian cap. The origins of the name Marianne are unknown, but Marie-Anne was a very common first name in the 18th century. Anti-revolutionaries of the time derisively called her La Gueuse (the Commoner). It is believed that revolutionaries from the South of France adopted the Phrygian cap as it symbolised liberty, having been worn by freed slaves in both Greece and Rome. Mediterranean seamen and convicts manning the galleys also wore a similar type of cap.
Under the Third Republic, statues, and especially busts, of Marianne began to proliferate, particularly in town halls. She was represented in several different manners, depending on whether the aim was to emphasise her revolutionary nature or her "wisdom". Over time, the Phrygian cap was felt to be too seditious, and was replaced by a diadem or a crown. In recent times, famous French women have been used as the model for those busts. Recent ones include Sophie Marceau, and Laetitia Casta. She also features on everyday articles such as postage stamps and coins.

Ria

A ria is a submergent coastal landform, often known as a drowned valley or drowned river valley. Rias are almost always estuaries. Rias form where sea levels rise relative to the land either as a result of eustatic sea level change; where the global sea levels rise or isostatic sea level change; where the land sinks. When this happens valleys which were previously at sea level become submerged. The result is often a very large estuary at the mouth of a relatively insignificant river (or else sediments would quickly fill the ria). The Kingsbridge Estuary is an extreme example of a ria forming an estuary disproportionate to the size of its river; no significant river flows into it at all, only a number of small streams.
The south coast of England is a submergent coastline, and contains many rias, including Portsmouth Harbour, Langstone Harbour, Chichester Harbour, Pagham Harbour, Southampton Water, Poole Harbour, the estuaries of the Exe, Teign and Dart, the Kingsbridge Estuary, and Plymouth Sound in Devon, and the estuaries of the River Fowey and River Fal in Cornwall. Milford Haven in Pembrokeshire, Wales is also a ria.
The east coast of Australia features several rias around Sydney, including Georges River, Port Hacking and Sydney Harbour itself.
The Marlborough Sounds are a large network of rias at the northern tip New Zealand's South Island.
Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay, on the east coast of the United States, and San Francisco Bay, on the Pacific coast, are rias. The phenomenon is also common in South America.
The rias in northern Brittany are called Abers; Aber Wrac'h, Aber Benoît, Aber Ildut.
Rias are sometimes confused with fjords. Although both are formed in drowned valleys, fjords are created not by rivers but by glaciers. For instance, a ria north of Rovinj on the western coast of Istria, Croatia, the Lim Bay (Limski kanal in Croatian) is often called "Lim fjord", although it was not actually formed by glacial erosion but by the river Pazinčica.

Soleil

Le Soleil (Sol en latin, Helios ou Ήλιος en grec) est l'étoile du système solaire, notre système planétaire. Autour de lui gravitent la Terre, sept autres planètes, trois planètes naines, des astéroïdes, des météoroïdes, des comètes et de la poussière interstellaire. Le Soleil représente à lui seul 99,8 % de la masse du système solaire ainsi constitué (Jupiter représente presque tout le reste). L'énergie solaire, transmise par ensoleillement, rend possible la vie sur Terre par apport de chaleur et de lumière, permettant la présence d'eau à l'état liquide et la photosynthèse des végétaux. Le rayonnement du Soleil est aussi responsable des climats et de la plupart des phénomènes météorologiques observés sur notre planète.La densité thermique à la surface de la Terre est à 99,98 % d'origine solaire. Les 0,02 % restants proviennent de la chaleur issue de la Terre elle-même.
Le Soleil fait partie d'une galaxie constituée de matière interstellaire et d'environ deux cents milliards d'étoiles : la Voie lactée. Il se situe à 15 parsecs du plan équatorial du disque, et est distant de 8 600 parsecs (environ 25 000 années-lumière) du centre galactique.
Le demi-grand axe de l'orbite de la Terre autour du Soleil, 149 597 870 km, est la définition originale de l'unité astronomique (ua).
Le symbole astronomique et astrologique du Soleil est un cercle avec un point en son centre

Les Femmes

Une femme est un individu adulte et de sexe féminin, appartenant à l'espèce humaine. La femme est distincte de l'homme, individu adulte de sexe masculin, biologiquement. L'anatomie de celle-ci lui permet notamment, sauf problème d'ordre médical, de porter et mettre au monde des enfants. C'est dans une perspective historique et culturelle que ce portail propose d'étudier des spécificités féminines, en rendant notamment compte de la condition féminine et des études menées en anthropologie, en sociologie, ou encore en histoire, sur la place des femmes dans les sociétés traditionnelles ou contemporaines...